Between Religious sensitivity and national security: religion, politics, freedom of expression and christian–muslim relations in contemporary Ghana
- Think News Online

- 5 minutes ago
- 7 min read

Ghana has long been recognised for its religious diversity and peaceful coexistence among Christians, Muslims and followers of African traditional religions.
Churches and mosques operate alongside one another, religious leaders participate in national events and political leaders regularly engage different faith communities.
This tradition of religious tolerance has contributed to democratic stability, social cohesion and national identity.
Recent events, however, demonstrate that this harmony cannot be taken for granted.
The controversy involving Pastor Daniel Junior Yaw Adjei, also known as Apostle Daniel Adjei and Imam Masud Abdullah has renewed attention to religious sensitivity, freedom of expression, public order, national security and the rule of law.
Pastor Adjei was arrested after a video allegedly showing derogatory comments about Prophet Mohammed circulated on social media.
Imam Abdullah was also arrested following a sermon at Ntensere in the Atwima Nwabiagya North District of the Ashanti Region in which he allegedly advocated violence against individuals who insulted or spoke against Prophet Mohammed.
The situation became more disturbing when a video emerged showing the pastor being assaulted in police custody.
Police subsequently arrested 63-year-old Sibamay Zakaria, captured in the video allegedly assaulting the suspect.
Available reports do not establish Imam Abdullah's responsibility.
The Pilgrims Affairs Office also clarified that Zakaria has no official connection with the Ghana Hajj Board.
This distinction matters because attributing individual conduct to an entire religious community can deepen suspicion, provoke retaliation and undermine social cohesion.
Freedom of expression, religious freedom and public order
Articles 21 and 26 of the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana form part of the constitutional framework protecting fundamental human rights and freedoms.
Article 21 protects freedom of speech and expression, thought, conscience and belief, religious practice and movement.
Article 26 protects cultural rights while prohibiting practices that dehumanise or injure a person's physical or mental well-being.
These protections apply equally to Christians and Muslims. A Christian has the right to profess and practise Christianity, just as a Muslim has the right to profess and practise Islam.
Religious freedom requires protection from discrimination and intimidation because of faith.
At the same time, freedom of expression is not an unrestricted licence to threaten, incite violence or encourage harm.
The challenge is to protect controversial expression while intervening when speech crosses into conduct capable of producing violence or serious disorder.
Religious offence cannot justify vigilantism or violence.
From religious controversy to national security
The national security dimension emerges when inflammatory speech moves beyond disagreement and creates conditions for communal mobilisation, intimidation, violence or radicalisation.
When speech encourages followers to attack perceived enemies of the faith, its consequences extend beyond the speaker and congregation.
The recent arrests demonstrate that authorities regard the alleged statements as matters affecting public order and safety.
Police involvement in investigating the imam's video further illustrates the security dimension of inflammatory religious content circulated through social media online.
Yet the security response must remain anchored in constitutionalism. National security cannot justify arbitrary arrests, discrimination or collective punishment.
The law must be applied to individuals on the basis of evidence and conduct, not to religious communities because of particular members' actions.
The Interior Ministry's intervention
Following the video showing the assault of the pastor in police custody, the Ministry condemned the incident and directed the Inspector-General of Police to investigate how civilians gained access to a person under police protection.
It stressed that no allegation of wrongdoing, however serious, justifies assaulting a suspect in custody.
This reinforces the principle that the state must protect every person in custody, regardless of allegations. It also separates alleged religious incitement from unlawful physical retaliation.
The Interior Ministry also highlighted the danger posed by statements on both sides of the religious dispute, particularly calls for violence against people considered to have offended religious sensibilities.
It unequivocally rejected violence against Christians, Muslims or any other persons on religious grounds.
This is an important message for Ghana's security architecture: the state must protect religious communities without allowing religious sentiment to replace the criminal justice system.
The IGP's engagement with religious leaders
A significant development has been the decision by Inspector-General of Police Christian Tetteh Yohuno and the Police Management Board to engage directly with religious leaders at the National Police Headquarters.
The meeting brought Christian and Muslim leaders together with senior police officials to promote calm and cooperation.
The engagement represents a shift from a purely enforcement-based response towards one combining policing with conflict prevention.
The IGP reportedly emphasised that arrests alone cannot guarantee lasting peace and called on leaders to promote unity, restraint and respect for the law.
He also warned against religious bigotry and inflammatory social-media material.
This approach matters because religious leaders possess influence security agencies do not.
Religious leaders can help change the emotional atmosphere within communities.
They are therefore partners in early warning, conflict prevention and peacebuilding.
Lessons from the Wesley Girls' High School controversy
Ghana has experienced similar tensions before. The 2021 controversy surrounding Wesley Girls' High School in Cape Coast demonstrated how questions about religious practice can quickly become national issues.
The dispute arose after concerns that a Muslim student had been prevented from observing the Ramadan fast at the Methodist-founded school.
The Ghana Education Service subsequently directed schools to allow Muslim students who wished to fast to do so, while the Methodist Church defended the school's existing policy.
The controversy drew in Muslim organisations, the Methodist Church, politicians, education authorities and religious leaders.
The National Peace Council called for restraint and dialogue. The episode demonstrated how an institutional disagreement can rapidly acquire a broader Christian-Muslim character.
Once an issue is framed as “Christians versus Muslims” rather than as a specific legal, institutional or administrative question, the risk of communal tension increases.
The lesson for national security is clear: conflict prevention must begin before disagreements become crises.
Religion, politics and national cohesion
Religion is deeply intertwined with Ghanaian public life. Religious organisations contribute to education, healthcare, welfare, peacebuilding and civic education.
Political leaders attend churches and mosques, participate in religious celebrations and regularly consult religious leaders.
This relationship is generally beneficial, but it creates opportunities for political actors to exploit religious identity.
Ghana's democratic stability depends partly on citizens believing that the state belongs equally to all religious communities.
Political leaders must therefore resist turning religious differences into electoral instruments.
A political environment in which one community feels permanently favoured and another permanently excluded can create grievances that undermine national cohesion.
The same responsibility applies to media organisations and social-media users.
Allegations should be distinguished from established facts and individual misconduct should never automatically be presented as the conduct of an entire religious community.
Social media as a security frontier
The present controversy demonstrates how quickly social media can transform a local incident into a national security concern.
A sermon delivered to a small congregation can be recorded and viewed thousands of times within hours.
A provocative statement can be removed from context, edited and circulated as evidence that an entire religious community is under attack.
This creates a challenge for Ghana’s Security and Intelligence Agencies.
National security must increasingly include digital monitoring, rapid verification and community engagement.
Such measures must respect constitutional rights and avoid treating legitimate religious expression as automatically suspicious.
Citizens also have responsibilities.
Before sharing inflammatory material, users should consider whether it is authentic, whether it has been taken out of context and whether its circulation could place others at risk.
The state must apply the law fairly to all
The central principle must be equality before the law. If a Christian leader makes statements amounting to unlawful incitement, the law should apply.
If a Muslim leader does the same, the law should equally apply.
Violence against Christians or Muslims should be treated as criminal regardless of religious identity.
As the Minister for the Interior, Hon. Muntaka Mohammed-Mubarak, emphasises: “Let us treat crime as crime.”
From tolerance to mutual constitutional respect
Ghana's religious diversity should not merely be tolerated; it should be actively protected.
The objective should be mutual constitutional respect: the recognition that people of different faiths possess equal dignity, rights and protection under the law.
The IGP's engagement with religious leaders offers a constructive model. Policing alone cannot preserve interfaith harmony.
Security institutions need community cooperation, while religious leaders need an environment where followers trust the law.
Religious communities can therefore become part of Ghana's early-warning and peacebuilding architecture.
A test of Ghana's democratic maturity
The Pastor-Imam controversy should not be viewed simply as a dispute between two individuals or religious communities. It is a test of Ghana's democratic and security maturity. The country must reconcile freedom of expression, religious freedom, public order, personal dignity, national security and the rule of law.
A Muslim should affirm Islam without threatening Christians; a Christian should proclaim Christianity without hostility towards Muslims; and critics should question beliefs without inciting violence. Police should arrest suspects while ensuring dignity and protection from assault.
The Interior Ministry's condemnation and the IGP's engagement point towards Ghana's required balance: firm enforcement combined with dialogue and prevention. The deeper challenge remains: Can Ghana preserve Christian-Muslim coexistence while protecting freedom of expression, religious dignity and national security?
The answer depends on Parliament, the judiciary, security agencies, religious leaders, politicians, journalists and citizens. The task is to make differences in faith opportunities for dialogue rather than sources of intolerance and division.
Ultimately, Ghana's security will be strengthened by managing religious differences peacefully.
Freedom of expression must be exercised responsibly, religious beliefs treated with dignity, political actors must resist exploiting religious divisions and security agencies must protect citizens impartially.
This balance matters because neither religious sensitivity nor national security should weaken constitutional rights, justify violence, or undermine equal protection under Ghanaian law.
Christian-Muslim relations require trust, constitutional rights, responsible religious leadership, professional Security and Intelligence institutions, effective conflict prevention and a shared commitment to peaceful coexistence.
This balance protects religious harmony and strengthens Ghana's democracy and national security.
Credit: Patrick K. Yeboah, Analyst/HR/Generalist/Systems Administrator and Ebenezer Godwyll-Addison, Crime and Intelligence Analyst, Crisis and Hostage Negotiator




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